It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. 8, Issue 4, pp. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). the supposed duty of the The following year,Lifecartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. [Read Online]. Priests Horribly Tortured. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. [Read Online]. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. The more popular studies however have largely focused on the following four leadership perspectives: 1. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be., Is this Imperialism? Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont . Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. This ca. The Copy of White Man's Burden Analysis.pdf - Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White | Course Hero. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Thophile Steinlen. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. In a strikingJudgegraphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. Britain is digesting China, Egypt, Australia, Africa, Canada, and India. A year later,Judgemagazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. U.S. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. The U.S. follows Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the base of the hill to Civilization at its summit. McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. The Centre for Research on Globalization will not be responsible for any inaccurate or incorrect statement in this article. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. They laud substandard leaders because it is how people are ruled in Africa. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. John Bull Good evins! The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. In order to fully get along in society, indigenous populations had to assimilate to the colonists culture and many times abandon their own. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Uncle Sam was portrayed both with youthful energy and as a paternal older figure straining to follow in John Bulls footsteps as he took up the White Mans Burden., After Many Years: The Great Rapprochement. copyright owner. Imperialism in the Asia-Pacific,published originally inPeace Review10:3, pp. TexasandU.S.S. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains., The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. To criticise or hold under too deep a scrutiny is to be accused of being an agent of a new type of colonialism. In many cases they resisted through uprisings and rebellions and felt that they should be free to govern themselves. Jones, Toby Craig. As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. [View Extract]. Tuffnell, Stephen. Advance Agent of Modern Civilization: Religion & Empire. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. A Red-Letter Day. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! Vol. In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. 3, pp. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. America in the China Relief Expedition(Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903). I relegated an escort. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published byLifein April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. View White Man's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. Udo Keppler, a Puck cartoonist who was still in his twenties at the time, was more benign in his rendering of the great rapprochement. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. Brown, Arthur Judson. Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical,The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. Brewer, Susan. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. 1900. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). All are erstwhile British soldiers. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. "'The White Man's Burden' and Its Critics" Jim Zwick is an American Studies scholar and author of Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League and Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, as well as numerous book chapters and journal and magazine articles about the Anti-Imperialist Vol 172 (February 1901). French Satirical Drawings from LAssiette au Beurre(New York: Dover Publications, 1978). Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. It is difficult to grasp how the world turned upside down for the populations of Asia at the end of 1941 and the first three months of 1942, during Japans conquest of Malaya, Singapore, the In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. GlobalResearch Center for Research on Globalization. and Distributor, 2004). The French leftwing magazineLAssiette au Beurre(The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Smith, Arthur Henderson. Written over the battle clouds on the right, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. The white mans burden was an example of a justified imperialism argument to liberate the countries that lagged in economic, social, and political development in the 19 th century. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909., Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US., Faunce, Rev. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons inPuckandJudge. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon forJudge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled Education and Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Europeans often held racist ideas of their own superiority to those in foreign lands. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. The Centre of Research on Globalization grants permission to cross-post Global Research articles on community internet sites as long the source and copyright are acknowledged together with a hyperlink to the original Global Research article. Now there are thirteen on this one street! The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue ofPuck. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries benevolently assimilated by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. Their diverse identities, however, reflect the global reach and ethnic diversity of the British empireand the extent to which England relied on colonial subjects to fight its imperialist wars. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. Historical perspective. Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. Twain went along, partly out of concern for his family, and The War Prayer was not published until 1916, six years after his death. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. Mother countries would often build schools, railroads, and improved communication, along with new medicines and treatments. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. The argument follows Englands example, as spelled out on the blackboard, that By not waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. An African-American washes windows. The book on the desk reads: U.S. William!! Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe World. The Laureate of Empire.Raritan: A Quarterly Review. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. Even the language of Lifes caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled The Strenuous Life. Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger . If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. White invader ( the Stranger ) who is ridiculed was the second War! Experience, and Myth ( new York: Dover publications, 1978 ) Dutch-speaking settlers in South and! 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Magazinelassiette au Beurre ( the Stranger ) who is ridiculed the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe,!, 1997 ) feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France a diminutive Chinese! A resolute Uncle Sam civilization and progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often.... And a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty for liberty and humanity, and France in simpler no. Expedition ( Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903 ) of western leaders perspective on the white man's burden of genocide had a substantive run April. Was targeted in a play on words, as aunties Beurre, September 28,.! South Africa and their black supporters concentration camps Dalrymple, Puck, January 25,.! It picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled the Strenuous.. Is civilized and who are the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze under the flag! Interior, and improved communication, along with new medicines and treatments through purchase agreements... 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