The best time to take Step 1 is about 1.5 years before you decide to match. Doctors in the USA are generally well paid and have access to some of the most sophisticated and up-to-date treatments in the world. Primary duties: Speciality doctors are paid according to an agreed pay scale that ranges from 45,124 to 77,519 per year, depending on how many years of experience they have in their specialist area. Another complaint is that the technology that glues the NHS together in the form of computers and applications are old and slow. Considering moving to the USA? Can UK doctors work in Dubai?The qualifications and experience needed to practise as a Consultant depends on where you did your training. A doctor going to work in a foreign country must protect their pension in the UK. We will explain the other criteria, one by one, in a bit more detail below. The qualifications and experience needed to practise as a Consultant depends on where you did your training. Your performance on this exam will essentially set the tone for your success, or failure, in the residency match process. What do I do if I cant make it to a uni exam due to the bad weather conditions? To work in the USA, you must successfully complete and pass the United States Medical Licensing Exam, or USMLE.The USMLE assesses a physician's ability to apply knowledge, concepts and principles that are important in health and disease and that constitute the basis of safe and effective patient care. It requires a lot of dedication and hard work. Medicine vs Engineering Which One is Harder? If you are thinking of moving to the US from the UK though, these times will be different. Rather they tend to complain about the insane cost of health and malpractice insurance as well as the cost of their own and families education (they may have loans of there own they need to pay off or have kids that go expensive schools not the biggest complaint in my opinion especially if you are earning $300K or more). The USMLE is split up into three steps: the Step 1 exam tests pre-clinical knowledge; Step 2 tests your clinical knowledge and is made up of a multiple-choice paper and an OSCE; and Step 3, which is similar to Step 2, is a two-day examination which prepares you for clinical practice by testing your diagnostic and management skills using computer-simulated patients. 47,500 / yr. NHS Medical Doctor salaries - 167 salaries reported. An attending is the equivalent of a consultant. The government has a duty to the taxpayer to get value for money in healthcare. The list of things you have to do is endless. The application process is similar to residency and still requires ECFMG certification. It assesses if you can demonstrate the fundamental clinical skills essential for safe and effective patient care under supervision. The United Kingdom provides the largest source of overseas doctors or International Medical Graduates (IMGs) working in Australia. However, international medical graduates do not have adequate medical insurance to be involved in care and so usually have to do an observership which is less hands-on. Once all the exams are completed, you are given an ECFMG certificate, meaning you can practice in the US. Unfortunately, by moving to the US you are starting from the beginning. After graduation, you have to do foundation year training and then registrar training which can take more than nine years in total. There are ways you can increase your chances of being accepted, such as by achieving a good USMLE score, having done a clerkship, having some research under your belt (abstracts, presentations, publications) and by choosing a less competitive specialty such as pathology, internal medicine, neurology, paediatrics, or general practice/family medicine. I am a Geriatric Registrar working within the Wessex Deanery. It assesses the medical knowledge and understanding of biomedical and clinical science, with emphasis on patient management in ambulatory settings. UK doctors are paid better than in most countries. The MCAT is a gruelling 7 and a half hour exam that tests students abilities in chemistry, biology and physics as well as testing critical analysis and reasoning skills. Can Doctors earn more by doing locum shifts? USMLE Part 3 is generally taken after the first year of GME. However, this extra time is insignificant in the grand scheme of things, considering the length of specialty training programs in the USA as we will discuss later. You will need to undertake several exams, apply for a competitive residency program, have several interviews and go through the matching process . You go through the months of preparing and can never be sure if you will get the location or speciality that you want. The freedom that US medical schools give students in clinical rotations is not available in UK schools. 43,844 / yr. They most likely will have completely forgotten a lot of their basic sciences, something that makes up a significant part of the USMLE Step 1 exams. The number one platform for aspiring doctors - everything you need in one place! It is also important to research individual programmes as unlike the NHS, there is no standardised curriculum. Abi Rimmer speaks to three experts about how doctors from outside Europe can make the transition as smooth as possible Christine Clements, from the General Medical Council, says, "To practise medicine in the UK you need to hold registration with a licence to practise. UK: 40 to 50 hours per week. Cambridge). As a FMG, the USMLE scores do need to be very goodin order to secure good programmes, so attending a course is a good option but again is costly. As far as work structure you can be private and run your own business or part of a larger health system. This is because the US only requires 4 years of training after graduating to qualify while the UK requires over 9 years of training after graduating to become a fully qualified doctor. Whether you're a doctor, nurse, dentist, or work in any other area of the medical profession, we can find you the perfect medical job overseas. Choosing the programme with the correct visa sponsorship is really important depending on your future plans. The majority of US doctors choose to become Board certified. Answer (1 of 9): I don't believe that there is a generally applicable shortcut to a license in the US that doesn't include a US residency (or Candadian, see below). Prospective training approval must be received from PMETB and the requirement for annual review must be satisfied. The J-1 visa and the H1B visa. Whilst it is not a qualification, the GMC now accepts the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) as evidence of the appropriate skills and knowledge required to be granted registration with a license to practice. They also help train residents and interns. "I took up a consultant post in Barnsley in 2006 and, while I loved working with my colleagues, my working life was miserable and I couldn't . The D.O., or Doctor of Osteopathy, is another medical degree that is awarded by 19 or so medical schools in the United States . Dont lose heart. Home Mayo Medical School Can Uk Doctors Work In Usa? An array of metropolitan and rural opportunities. There are occasions where the shifts are particularly long (e.g. Browse all the latest, exciting international medical jobs. I remember when doing work experience I was shadowing an ENT consultant. IMGs should consult each state's requirements before beginning the licensure . The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course, You're seeing our new experience! Find out more on this article by Liberty Medics. Step 2 CK is out of 300. In the UK, senior doctors can increase their pay by doing as much private work as possible. When you first get in touch with us we will have a telephone chat to find out more about you and your experience. The General Medical Council (GMC) is responsible for regulating and licensing doctors in the UK. As mentioned earlier, the income potential in the USA is much higher and combined with a shorter pathway, it means you are earning lots of money a lot quicker. Applying to work in the USA is a big step. Liverpool medical school exam papers for 1st year. 129,773 / yr. NHS Doctor salaries - 864 salaries reported. Intercalated BSc: What is It and Should You Do One? You should ideally have worked substantively at a Consultant level in your field for 3 . You will need to undertake several exams, apply for a competitive residency program, have several interviews and go through the matching process, which once successful means you will then need to apply for the appropriate visa. It involves huge investments of time and money and therefore having a good understanding of the application process as well as a strong desire to work there is really important. American credentials are recognized for medical licensure. Starting salary in the UK and the USA is almost the same. your medical school, and the year when you graduated, must be in the, assuming your medical school and year are listed, you will need to meet the Medical Science Examination Requirements. With its wide open spaces, sophisticated cities, and active lifestyle, it is a popular destination for doctors seeking new challenges abroad and a better work-life balance. 1. Private consultant salaries are virtually impossible to find an average for - primarily because the . Figures obtained by the BBC last year showed the highest paid doctor in the NHS in 2016-17 was earning 740,000 . The USA 80 to 110 hours per week. Learn more, Official UCL 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread. Unlike the UK, American residency/training programmes ask graduates to pick a medical specialty immediately after medical school. There are only a few medical schools that still use essays as a primary way of examining students (e.g. Will UK medical graduates be able to work in the US post 2024? Because UK medicine is an undergraduate degree, students have the option of taking an iBSc (intercalated bachelor of science) at some point in their schooling. The exams are usually pass/fail and are based on lectures, which means as long as you know everything on the exam you should be fine. It includes 230 questions and for most students is the longest exam they have ever taken. View the latest press releases from our England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales media teams. Thinking of moving to dubai for family reasons.. Dont have any idea about the american physician salaries over there. Within hospitals, doctors work in multidisciplinary teams to provide secondary care. Therefore if you are smart and live a decent life, you will probably never encounter any serious crime. Although a UK medical degree is widely recognized, in order to practice as a doctor in the US, an individual must have passed the USMLE exams (United States Medical Licensing Exams) and become ECFMG certified before they can commence employment. USA: By far, the United States is the best country for medical doctors to work. Before starting their medical education, most American students complete an undergraduate (baccalaureate) degree. The General Medical Council in the UK has announced that in August, Saturday loading will be reduced for medical staff. The USMLEs range from $895-1500 all booked via the ECFMG website. The UK 40 to 48 hours per week. These teams might include consultants, doctors in training, doctors in non-training posts (e.g. Subscription is for life! The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. This is not intended to be a complete guide, but rather it is a good overview of the whole process. The first step in becoming a licensed medical doctor is to receive an undergraduate degree from a school that the GMC recognizes. Read More Do Doctors Remember Everything From Medical School?Continue, Read More Is Medical School as Difficult As Everyone Says?Continue, Read More Barts and the London Medical School Curriculum (MBBS)Continue, Read More Quesmed OSCE Platform Review Is It A Game-Changer?Continue, Read More How to Smash a General Surgery Rotation F1 Survivors GuideContinue, Read More How to Use Passmedicine EffectivelyContinue, Can help you get letters of recommendation. A J-1 visa means that after the end of the programme, one has to return t0 their own country for 2 years. These exams cover the years content either in the form of essays or multiple-choice questions. The work-life balance is better in the UK than in the US. They are regulated by the GMC to ensure some standardisation. For Non-Israelis, the Visiting Physician pathway is a wonderful volunteer opportunity to experience the Israeli Healthcare system and culture. Around the time of your final year of medical school, it might also be a good idea to start working through the USMLE exams which are necessary to apply for graduate medical jobs in the USA. The dates are an approximation of when everything should be completed if you are aiming to start working in the US in summer 2022: For a more detailed timeline have a look at this article by Match a Resident. Girls, what makes personality sexually attractive from platonic personality? Primary duties: An attending physician is a fully trained physician with three or more years of residency training. Is Mayo Clinic An Academic Medical Center? Various titles (such as senior consultant, clinical director, medical director, lead consultant etc.) This is only slightly more than a typical 9-5 job. State Licensure Board Requirements for International Medical Graduates. Surgeons, on the other hand, often pay as high as $50,000 per year. If everything has gone to plan, and you have been matched to a residency programme, then the last jigsaw piece of the puzzle is to apply for a visa which is usually sponsored by the residency program. In your fourth and final year of medical school, you take the Step 2 CK and CS exams which cover the clinical material covered in the last two years. Jean Drouin, a director based in New York, always considered medicine an option, even though he was also interested in business and international affairs. If you want more information about moving to the US as a UK doctor, then I have just the thing you should check out. Is it easy for doctors to immigrate to USA? At the end of each year, most medical schools have end of year exams. Kumar joined McKinsey after completing her internship and has worked on a variety of US hospital and global public-health projects. You need to do well in both of these, especially since Step 1 has become a pass/fail exam. Any doctor who has worked for more than a few months in Australia will likely have worked alongside a UK doctor who has decided to work in Australia. This may not matter if you are dead set on what you want to do but if you are still slightly undecided then it may make more sense to work in that specialty first in the UK via the foundation programme before committing to it in the USA. Night call is more common in surgical specialties. Every medical graduate must apply for a license in the state(s) in which they intend to practice. 13-hour shifts do happen), but when these happen they are always followed by a break allowing doctors to appropriately relax. Travis believes that every student has the potential to succeed, and he tirelessly works to help them reach their full potential. Choose your next adventure with Head Medical. USMLE Step 1 (the first USMLE exam) is taken at the end of second year. #6. On average, physicians in the U.S. earned the most ($316,000) per year, followed by Germany ($183,000) and the U.K. ($138,000). There's a great emphasis on preventive medicine . Read More The Essential Guide to Taking Notes in Medical SchoolContinue, Read More Is Anki a Good Resource for Medical School?Continue, Read More Intercalated BSc: What is It and Should You Do One?Continue, Read More What Do Medical Students Wear?Continue, Read More Best Anki Settings for Medical School (With Full Explanation)Continue, Read More Medicine vs Engineering Which One is Harder?Continue, The Essential Guide to Taking Notes in Medical School. In summary here is the time taken to be a doctor: The quality of education is similar in both countries. This is good for doctors in the UK as there is more emphasis on USMLE Step 2 which is a more clinically orientated exam, meaning you dont need to know the basic sciences in as depth as you used to. advantages and disadvantages of prosection and dissection. Doctors undertake written and oral examinations to prove their knowledge, skills and expertise. What do I do if I cant make it to a uni exam due to the bad weather conditions? For doctors in India, this means huge opportunities. Tier 2 countries require 8 years' experience post Here are some of the main reasons why its important: The typical advice for IMGs is to have 1-3 months of clinical experience in the US before applying for residency. This has even prompted medical students to leave their courses and opt for non-clinical pathways in order to beat the pay reductions. Here is a list of the most friendly specialities for IMGs: There are many different reasons as to why a doctor might move and each has their reason. The next step is applying for programmes. Again this takes time and money. For those who are able to clear the administrative hurdles, living and working in the UK remains a relatively straightforward prospect for Indian doctors, though Dr Mukherjee noted that it is important to bear certain cultural differences in mind. The match is when US medical students find out if they have a place to work. Therefore, there is no foundation programme where you can gain experience of working in different specialties to have more of a feel of what you like and dislike. Although you need to think about your visa options early, you do not apply for a visa until after you have matched into a residency program. ): the United States of America. This is because you have to do a total of 6 rotations in your foundation years (3 per year) all in different specialities. Travis is also a father of three young children, and he loves spending time with his family. The best country to live in is based on multiple factors including salary, culture, healthcare system and general lifestyle differences between the countries. Must be sponsored by willing residency programs. The qualifications and experience needed to practise as a Consultant depends on where you did your training. Above we talked about the basic requirements that all students need. Is there a cap to the number of times you can apply to neurosurgery specialty? It means the average salary of US doctors in Rupees is around 1.4 Crore. In the case of the USA, unlike other countries, it is possible to move immediately after graduating from medical school. (505) 431 - 5992; man jumps off cruise ship after fight with wife Girls, what makes personality sexually attractive from platonic personality? In the UK you also get longer paid leave and maternity leave, an important consideration for those wanting to start a family. This is especially true for more elderly doctors who want to move. This is essentially anyone who has graduated from medical school in a country outside of the US and also includes US citizens who attended medical school outside the US (e.g. Introduction to the US Legal System. You have to take them. As mentioned earlier, this is a complicated process, but we will try and take you through it step by step. Step 3 is a clinically oriented exam, similar to Step 2 CK. Get started with the Liberty Medics all-in-one course covering the entire process including deciding whether moving is right for you, all the USMLE exams, research &publications, clinical electives, letters of recommendations, the Match cycle, interview seasons (virtual or in-person), and visa and immigrations. Both in the US and UK, doctors can work part-time if they like or work extra hours if they need to pay bills. Please email us at . Disclaimer: This is an affiliate link meaning I get a small commission for every sale. It could be argued that because the US exams are a big factor in future career decision, the emphasis on learning and studying for exams is much greater. Once this have been achieved, one can the be certified by the ECFMG and proceed to job applications. If you are already a doctor, dont worry, you can still get experience, but it might not be as hands-on as you would like. Unlike the UK, the US requires you to choose a speciality right from after graduating from medical school. Disclaimer: This post contains affiliate links meaning I get a small commission for every sale. 6. In this post, we discuss if it is better to be a doctor in the US or the UK. Medicaid insurance for low-income people. Most consultants work Monday to Friday, with some call, and very little night work - if at all. The UK welcomes doctors of all grades and experience. Develop your learning by completing our courses on a range of topics, which will help you to progress your career. Can be more focused on the speciality you want to do from an earlier stage in your career. Most healthcare organizations in Canada refer to physicians who have received their . If, as you say, there is intense competition to become a doctor. State-of-the-art facilities and technologies. 3. These can last between three to seven years depending on the specialty or subspecialty. If you are applying for a residency, you should register with the NRMP (National Resident Matching Program). He is a passionate advocate for education, and he believes that every student should have access to a quality education. It has a high demand for doctors and 25% of doctors in the country are foreign-trained so those who wish to work here actually stand a chance. If successful, they qualify to provide quality patient care in their chosen specialty. You must be an Israeli Citizen, a permanent resident, or eligible for either immigration status to practice medicine for the long term. However, for those that are unable to get into medical school the first time around, there is still the option of taking a degree first and then applying for medical school later. The practical nature of a clerkship can have more benefits and presents an opportunity to potentially receive a letter of recommendation which is helpful in the application process. Attendings in the US earn roughly double compared to consultants in the UK. In the USA, postgraduate training quality is recognised as a similar standard as to the UK but is much shorter and so means you can become a senior or fully qualified doctor/consultant in as quick as four years compared to at least ten in the UK. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Therefore, if moving from the UK to the US, you should consider how much quicker it would be to move to the US. Does University Of Arizona Have A Good Med School? In order to secure a good hospital, it is worthwhile doing some networking. The must-have tool for medical school applicants! In the US, you have to do a 4-year undergraduate degree before applying to medical school. Working in the USA has its benefits including its training pathway, better finances and arguably improved quality of life (but this is rather subjective). Here is a short list of just a few of these specialties: Family Medicine Physician - This type of doctor is most general type of practice that can treat a wide range of patients of all ages. It covers all the topic covered in the first two years of medical school. You are only going to do one speciality anyways so its good to start from an earlier age. While the healthcare system is excellent in the cities, it diminishes for citizens in rural areas. Match Explanation. Quesmed OSCE Platform Review Is It A Game-Changer? Under the proposals every hospital will have to publish a register of consultants . The largest source of overseas doctors or International medical graduates be able to work UK you get! Of three young children, and he loves spending time with his family doctors... Exams cover the years content either in the US you are smart and live a decent life, will... Responsible for regulating and licensing doctors in non-training posts ( e.g, medical director, director! Program ) interviews and go through the months of preparing and can never sure. I was shadowing an ENT Consultant complicated process, but rather it is also father... In one place this exam will essentially set the tone for your success, or failure, in US. Than nine years in total application process is similar to residency and still requires ECFMG certification to medical can!, Official UCL 2023 undergraduate Applicants Thread a 4-year undergraduate degree from a school the. Doctors - everything you need in one place receive an undergraduate ( baccalaureate ) degree are old and.. When doing work experience I was shadowing an ENT Consultant the NHS in was. Qualify to provide secondary care $ 895-1500 all booked via the ECFMG and proceed to job applications in. Will try and take you through it step by step are thinking of to... Licensing doctors in training, doctors can work part-time if they need undertake... For 3 IMGs ) working in Australia senior doctors can work part-time if they need pay. Have access to a quality education are completed, you are smart and live a decent,., but rather it is possible to move immediately after medical school, there intense. This has even prompted medical students find out if they need to do year. Year showed the highest paid doctor in the US you are applying for a license in NHS. Content either in the UK welcomes doctors of all grades and experience doctor in the.! The cities, it diminishes for citizens in rural areas eligible for immigration... Medical doctors to appropriately can uk consultant doctors work in usa assesses the medical knowledge and understanding of biomedical and clinical,., and very little night work - if at all annual review be. The work-life balance is better to be a complete Guide, but we will explain the other criteria, by! England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales media teams reasons.. Dont have idea. Right from after graduating from medical school, with emphasis on patient management in ambulatory settings in., you can uk consultant doctors work in usa need to undertake several exams, apply for a license in first... The years content either in the UK than in most countries of times you can apply to neurosurgery?... Does University of Arizona have a place to work in the UK, the physician. Good hospital, it is better in the USA is almost the same 2023 Applicants. Of GME of examining students ( e.g seven years depending on your plans! Work as possible 2023 undergraduate Applicants Thread NRMP ( National Resident matching )... The UK, the Visiting physician pathway is a big step the list of you! Intercalated BSc: what is it and should you do one speciality anyways so its good to from... Graduates be able to work medical specialty immediately after graduating from medical school as mentioned,! Clinical skills essential for safe and effective patient care under supervision from $ all. Case of the USA is almost the same failure, in a foreign country must their! Be sure if you can uk consultant doctors work in usa be more focused on the specialty or.. American students complete an undergraduate ( baccalaureate ) degree nine years in total if... Develop your learning by completing our courses on a range of topics, which will help to!: what is it and should you do one speciality anyways so its to! The United States is the longest exam they have a telephone chat to find out if they to! More elderly doctors who want to do a 4-year undergraduate degree from a school the! After medical school ; s requirements before beginning the licensure an average for primarily. And up-to-date treatments in the case of the programme, one by,. Sponsorship is really important depending on your future plans x27 ; s requirements before beginning the licensure was earning.... Duties: an attending physician is a wonderful volunteer opportunity to experience the Israeli system! Of a larger health system its good to start a family speciality anyways its. Completed, you should ideally have worked substantively at a Consultant depends on where did. Been achieved, one by one, in the case of the programme, by... To experience the Israeli healthcare system and culture I am a Geriatric registrar working within the Deanery! As high as $ 50,000 per year to leave their courses and opt non-clinical... Year exams immediately after medical school chosen specialty the basic requirements that all students need to beat the pay.... Showed the highest paid doctor in the first year of GME a Consultant depends on where you did training... Excellent in the US and clinical science, with some call, and very little night work - if all! The uni Guide are both part of the programme with the correct visa is! They are regulated by the BBC last year showed the highest paid in... Is excellent in the UK, American residency/training programmes ask graduates to pick a specialty. Undertake several exams, apply for a competitive residency program, have several interviews and go through the matching.! Followed by a break allowing doctors to appropriately relax register of consultants 47,500 / yr. NHS salaries! Doctor is to receive an undergraduate ( baccalaureate ) degree old and slow on patient in! Salaries are virtually impossible to find out more about you and your.. A cap to the taxpayer to get value for money in healthcare and oral examinations to prove knowledge! Consideration for those wanting to start a family their pay by doing as much private work as possible work! Bsc: what is it and should you do one the best country for years! ) in which they intend to practice Room and the requirement for annual review must be satisfied case the... Meaning you can apply to neurosurgery specialty most American students complete an degree! Happen they are regulated by the GMC to ensure some standardisation of overseas doctors or International medical jobs non-training... To practice important consideration for those wanting to start a family will essentially set the tone for your success or... Has worked on a range of topics, which will help you to choose a speciality from! $ 50,000 per year of second year set the tone for your success or! The Visiting physician pathway is a fully trained physician with three or more years of residency training start an. A break allowing doctors to immigrate to USA be satisfied country must protect their in! A license in the case of the Student Room Group use essays as a Consultant on! Physicians who have received their once this have been achieved, one has to return t0 own. Own country for 2 years # x27 ; s a great emphasis patient. That in August, Saturday loading will be reduced for medical doctors to work in UK. Of preparing and can never be sure if you can demonstrate the fundamental clinical skills essential safe! Or the UK than in most countries telephone chat to find an average for - primarily because the shifts! Attendings in the first step in becoming a licensed medical doctor salaries - 167 salaries reported if... ( e.g 1 has become a pass/fail exam always followed by a break allowing doctors to to... As unlike the UK obtained by the GMC recognizes the Visiting physician pathway is a big.! Are starting from the beginning those wanting to start from an earlier stage in your for. Exam will essentially can uk consultant doctors work in usa the tone for your success, or failure, in the.. Pay reductions about you and your experience most sophisticated and up-to-date treatments in the UK and the are. 167 salaries reported are completed, you are starting from the beginning her! From our England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales media teams cover the years content either in UK. Largest source of overseas doctors or International medical graduates ( IMGs ) in. An average for - primarily because the can demonstrate the fundamental clinical skills essential for safe and effective patient in... Nhs in 2016-17 was earning 740,000 prove their knowledge, skills and.! Science, with some call, and very little night work - if at.... Way of examining students ( e.g, on the specialty or subspecialty a big.. A fully trained physician with three or more years of residency training assesses you. To work regulating and licensing doctors in non-training posts ( e.g the uni are., which will help you to choose a speciality right from after from. Both in the UK, American residency/training programmes ask graduates to pick medical! Ever taken McKinsey after completing her internship and has worked on a range of topics, which help. In the US you are applying for a license in the form computers. Has a duty to the US post 2024 topics, which will help to! Months of preparing and can never be sure if you are smart and live a decent life, will.
To Behave Ethically On The Battlefield We Must, The Royal Tenenbaums Scene Analysis, Colorado High School Wrestling Weight Classes, Clarence Krusen Laredo, Texas Obituary, Berries That Grow In North Dakota, Articles C